Indonesian Journal of Physics

Analysis of Temperature Sensors in a Volcanic Detection System

Abdul Muid — 2025-10-29

Volcanoes are geological phenomena that can cause significant disasters to human life and the environment, such as eruptions, pyroclastic flows, and lahars. Therefore, early warning systems for volcanoes are crucial to reduce disaster risks and provide sufficient time for evacuation. Monitoring surface temperature and the surrounding air around volcanoes is one of the key parameters in detecting volcanic activity. Temperature increases often serve as an early indication of magmatic activity beneath the surface. This study proposes an early warning system for volcanoes based on temperature sensors integrated with fuzzy logic to monitor volcanic activity in real-time. The system consists of a wireless temperature sensor network based on the Internet of Things (IoT) connected to an IoT platform for data monitoring and analysis. The SHT31D, SHT2X, BME280 and DHT11 sensors are used to measure the ambient temperature, and the temperature data is processed using fuzzy logic methods to detect changes in volcanic activity. The system was tested in both simulation and field environments using sensor node devices consisting of several temperature sensors controlled by a microcontroller. The fuzzy logic algorithm built using 256 rules is able to classify new data from sensor nodes into one of the categories of volcano vulnerability levels, namely “Normal”, “Caution”, “Warning”, or “Evacuate”. This system has the potential to serve as a real-time temperature monitoring tool for volcanoes, supporting disaster mitigation and volcanic activity risk management.

Object Distance Detection System with Ultrasonic Sensor on Mobile Robot

Adrian Pandjie Ramdhani — 2025-10-29

Indonesia is home to 76 active volcanoes, one of them being Mount Tangkuban Perahu. To ensure that a robot that can move around to collect data does not get stopped in its tracks, HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors are used to detect obstacles within 100 cm. The sensors were first characterized by measuring distances between 10 and 100 cm with an increment of 10 cm. They were then tested in a laboratory environment with differing conditions. Finally, they were tested on Mount Tangkuban Perahu. Characterization shows that, within 100 cm, one of the two sensors had good linearity, while the other showed larger error values. This difference in performance carried onto the laboratory scale test and the field test.

Seismic Frequency Analysis of Mount Tangkuban Parahu Using IoT-Based MPU6050 Sensor System

Abar Almazari — 2025-10-29

Indonesia is located at the convergence of three major tectonic plates—the Eurasian Plate, the Indo-Australian Plate, and the Pacific Plate—and lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, making the country highly prone to seismic activity. Thus, seismic activity is one of the physical parameters used to define the status of a volcano. Consequently, the availability of affordable and accessible early earthquake detection systems is crucial to minimizing infrastructure damage and human casualties. One proposed solution involves the use of the MPU6050 sensor, which is capable of detecting ground acceleration. This sensor has been integrated and installed on a mobile robot for volcano monitoring, which was developed in previous research. In this study, the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is employed to convert ground acceleration data into ground frequency, which can then be used to assess seismic activity. Additionally, an ESP32 microcontroller is utilized to collect and process sensor data, which is automatically transmitted via a broker, allowing frequency data and seismic status to be visualized on a dashboard. This research aims to compare acceleration data collected in a laboratory setting (ITB campus) and in the field (Mount Tangkuban Parahu), measure ground vibration frequency at Mount Tangkuban Parahu, and determine the seismic activity status based on the ground vibration frequency at Mount Tangkuban Parahu.

Determining the Hydrogen Sulfide Concentration at Tangkuban Perahu Mount Using TGS-2602 Sensor

Adiyasa Pratama Putra — 2025-10-30

Indonesia is a country with numerous volcanoes which are a great hazard to people living in surrounding areas. As a result, eruption predictions and pre-emptive warnings are extremely important. In mount Tangkuban Perahu in particular, hydrogen sulfide is abundantly produced. By detecting hydrogen sulfide levels, volcanic activities in Tangkuban Perahu can be predicted and early warnings can be released to alert the people in the area. To obtain a reading of the concentration of hydrogen sulfide we use the TGS 2602 gas sensor equipped with Arduino to process the readings and ESP-32S to connect the system to IOT. This sensor system is equipped on a mobile robot which had been developed in previous research. Through field experiments, we have determined that our system has successfully obtained the readings of hydrogen sulfide in various parts of the day. Our readings showed that mount Tangkuban Perahu is safe and stable throughout the day with none of the average hydrogen sulfide reading in the morning, afternoon, and evening exceeding 0.3 ppm.